Are variables declared with let or const hoisted?

Quoting ECMAScript 6 (ECMAScript 2015) specification's, let and const declarations section,

The variables are created when their containing Lexical Environment is instantiated but may not be accessed in any way until the variable’s LexicalBinding is evaluated.

So, to answer your question, yes, let and const hoist but you cannot access them before the actual declaration is evaluated at runtime.

ES6 introduces Let variables which comes up with block level scoping. Until ES5 we did not have block level scoping, so the variables which are declared inside a block are always hoisted to function level scoping.

Basically Scope refers to where in your program your variables are visible, which determines where you are allowed to use variables you have declared. In ES5 we have global scope,function scope and try/catch scope, with ES6 we also get the block level scoping by using Let.

• When you define a variable with var keyword, it's known the entire function from the moment it's defined.

• When you define a variable with let statement it's only known in the block it's defined.

   function doSomething(arr){ //i is known here but undefined //j is not known here console.log(i); console.log(j); for(var i=0; i<arr.length; i++){ //i is known here } //i is known here //j is not known here console.log(i); console.log(j); for(let j=0; j<arr.length; j++){ //j is known here } //i is known here //j is not known here console.log(i); console.log(j); } doSomething(["Thalaivar", "Vinoth", "Kabali", "Dinesh"]); 

If you run the code, you could see the variable j is only known in the loop and not before and after. Yet, our variable i is known in the entire function from the moment it is defined onward.

There is another great advantage using let as it creates a new lexical environment and also binds fresh value rather than keeping an old reference.

for(var i=1; i<6; i++){ setTimeout(function(){ console.log(i); },1000) } for(let i=1; i<6; i++){ setTimeout(function(){ console.log(i); },1000) } 

The first for loop always print the last value, with let it creates a new scope and bind fresh values printing us 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Coming to constants, it work basically like let, the only difference is their value can't be changed. In constants mutation is allowed but reassignment is not allowed.

const foo = {}; foo.bar = 42; console.log(foo.bar); //works const name = [] name.push("Vinoth"); console.log(name); //works const age = 100; age = 20; //Throws Uncaught TypeError: Assignment to constant variable. console.log(age); 

If a constant refers to an object, it will always refer to the object but the object itself can be changed (if it is mutable). If you like to have an immutable object, you could use Object.freeze([])

As per ECMAScript® 2021

Let and Const Declarations

• let and const declarations define variables that are scoped to the running execution context's LexicalEnvironment.
• The variables are created when their containing Environment Record is instantiated but may not be accessed in any way until the variable's LexicalBinding is evaluated.
• A variable defined by a LexicalBinding with an Initializer is assigned the value of its Initializer's AssignmentExpression when the LexicalBinding is evaluated, not when the variable is created.
• If a LexicalBinding in a let declaration does not have an Initializer the variable is assigned the value undefined when the LexicalBinding is evaluated.

Block Declaration Instantiation

• When a Block or CaseBlock is evaluated a new declarative Environment Record is created and bindings for each block scoped variable, constant, function, or class declared in the block are instantiated in the Environment Record.
• No matter how control leaves the Block the LexicalEnvironment is always restored to its former state.

Top Level Lexically Declared Names

At the top level of a function, or script, function declarations are treated like var declarations rather than like lexical declarations.

Conclusion

• let and const are hoisted but not initialized.

  Referencing the variable in the block before the variable declaration results in a ReferenceError, because the variable is in a "temporal dead zone" from the start of the block until the declaration is processed.

Examples below make it clear as to how "let" variables behave in a lexical scope/nested-lexical scope.

Example 1

var a; console.log(a); //undefined console.log(b); //undefined var b; let x; console.log(x); //undefined console.log(y); // Uncaught ReferenceError: y is not defined let y; 

The variable 'y' gives a referenceError, that doesn't mean it's not hoisted. The variable is created when the containing environment is instantiated. But it may not be accessed bcz of it being in an inaccessible "temporal dead zone".

Example 2

let mylet = 'my value'; (function() { //let mylet; console.log(mylet); // "my value" mylet = 'local value'; })(); 

Example 3

let mylet = 'my value'; (function() { let mylet; console.log(mylet); // undefined mylet = 'local value'; })(); 

In Example 3, the freshly declared "mylet" variable inside the function does not have an Initializer before the log statement, hence the value "undefined".

Source

ECMA MDN

From MDN web docs:

In ECMAScript 2015, let and const are hoisted but not initialized. Referencing the variable in the block before the variable declaration results in a ReferenceError because the variable is in a "temporal dead zone" from the start of the block until the declaration is processed.

console.log(x); // ReferenceError let x = 3; 

in es6 when we use let or const we have to declare the variable before using them. eg. 1 -

// this will work u = 10; var u; // this will give an error k = 10; let k; // ReferenceError: Cannot access 'k' before initialization. 

eg. 2-

// this code works as variable j is declared before it is used. function doSmth() { j = 9; } let j; doSmth(); console.log(j); // 9 

I think this might answer it

In JavaScript, variables declared with let and const are hoisted, but they have a behavior that distinguishes them from variables declared with var.

Hoisting means that the variable declarations are moved to the top of their containing function or block scope during the compilation phase. However, there is a key difference between var, let, and const in terms of hoisting:

1. var variables are hoisted and initialized with the value undefined. This means you can reference a var variable before it's declared, and it will have the value undefined at that point.

console.log(x); // undefined var x = 10; 

2. let and const variables are also hoisted, but they are not initialized. If you try to access them before their declaration, you'll get a "ReferenceError."

console.log(x); // ReferenceError: x is not defined let x = 10; 

So, while both let and const are hoisted to the top of their block or function scope, you cannot access them before their declaration due to the Temporal Dead Zone (TDZ) behavior. This behavior was introduced to catch potential errors and make code more predictable.

Temporal Dead Zone (TDZ)

The Temporal Dead Zone (TDZ) is a concept in JavaScript related to variable declarations using the let and const keywords. It's a phase in the JavaScript execution context that occurs during variable initialization before a variable is assigned a value. Understanding TDZ is crucial for avoiding unexpected behavior in your code.

Here's how the Temporal Dead Zone works:

1. Variable Declaration: When you declare a variable using let or const, the JavaScript engine sets up a binding for that variable in the current scope. This means the variable is known to the engine, but it has not been initialized yet.

2. Initialization: Variables declared with let and const remain uninitialized in the TDZ until they are assigned a value using the = operator.

3. Access Before Initialization: Attempting to access or reference a variable declared with let or const before it's been assigned a value will result in a ReferenceError. This is because the variable exists in the TDZ, and accessing it in this state is not allowed.

Here's an example to illustrate the Temporal Dead Zone:

console.log(x); // Throws a ReferenceError let x = 10; 

In this example, we attempt to log the value of x before it's declared and initialized. This results in a ReferenceError because x is in the Temporal Dead Zone at the point of the console.log() statement.

To avoid the Temporal Dead Zone, it's a good practice to always declare your variables at the top of the current scope before using them. For example:

let x; // Declare x at the top of the scope console.log(x); // undefined (no error) x = 10; // Initialize x 

In this modified code, x is declared at the top of the scope, which means it's still in the TDZ when we log it, but it doesn't throw an error because we're not trying to access its value before declaration.

So, the Temporal Dead Zone is a mechanism in JavaScript that prevents you from accessing variables declared with let or const before they are initialized. It helps catch potential bugs related to variable usage and encourages better coding practices by promoting variable declarations at the beginning of their respective scopes.

let and const are also hoisted. But an exception will be thrown if a variable declared with let or const is read before it is initialised due to below reasons.

• Unlike var, they are not initialised with a default value while hoisting.
• They cannot be read/written until they have been fully initialised.