Converting PNG frames to video at 1 FPS

If you want a one-liner for FFMPEG that generates a video that plays at 1 frame per second, what you want to do is specify framerates for both input and output, like this:

ffmpeg -r 1 -i data/input-%4d.png -pix_fmt yuv420p -r 10 data/output.mp4

The -r 1 means the video will play at 1 of the original images per second.
The -r 10 means the video will play at 10 frames per second.

(The -pix_fmt yuv420p is just there to ensure compatibility with a wide range of playback programs. It is required here, for example, for the video to be playable by Windows Media Player.)

I tested many different output framerates, and 10 seems to be the lowest number you can use that will still produce a video that VLC will play.

Of course, the command above means each original image is being multiplied, but it is a simpler method than the "slow it down" one you mentioned, and depending on the codec it may not produce a video much larger than a true 1-FPS video.

To test this, I just produced a true 1-FPS video, which came out to 2.24 kiB. I then produced a video with the same input images but output at 24 FPS, and it came out to 5.76 kiB. That's just over double the size, and nowhere near 24 times the size. :)

Use both -framerate and -r

E.g., to have a final video that looks like 1FPS:

ffmpeg -framerate 1 -pattern_type glob -i '*.png' \ -c:v libx264 -r 30 -pix_fmt yuv420p out.mp4 

This is similar to what Converting PNG frames to video at 1 FPS | Unix & Linux Stack Exchange says, but I needed -framerate instead of -r for it to work.

This is mentioned on the wiki at: http://trac.ffmpeg.org/wiki/Slideshow#Framerates

It sets the output framerate to 30, which VLC can handle, and copies each images 30 times, so that the output video appears to be at 1 FPS. See also: Playback issues in VLC with low fps video from images using ffmpeg | Stack Overflow

VLC is then able to play the video normally.

Tested on Ubuntu 16.10, VLC 2.2.4, ffmpeg 3.0.5, in a directory with 10 PNGs.

See also: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/19267443/vlc-freezes-for-low-1-fps-video-created-from-images-with-ffmpeg

What if you augment your second example slightly as follows:

$ ffmpeg -r 1 -i data/input-%4d.png -c:v libx264 out.mp4 

The -r 1 needs to come before the .png files, not after.

From the FFmpeg documentation:

As a general rule, options are applied to the next specified file. Therefore, order is important, and you can have the same option on the command line multiple times. Each occurrence is then applied to the next input or output file.

This is a bug in VLC (which still exists in version 3.0.6). After some experiments I realized that VLC crashes for videos with FPS less than 10. So all videos with 10 FPS or more shouldn't be a problem. So there is currently no clean way to get a video with 1 FPS which is playable in VLC (don't give up, keep reading).

One workaround is -as shown in the answer above- to fake the effect of 1 FPS by duplicating the images (when we actually have an FPS equals to 10 or more, which is ok for VLC).

Example: if you have a folder with 12 images, and you would like to generate a video with 1 FPS (which is playable in VLC), then you need to duplicate each image multiple times (let's say 10 times), and then tell FFMPEG to generate a 10 FPS video. In this way we will get a video with a total frames of 120, where each image will be played for 1 seconds (as it is duplicated 10 times), which is simply a fake for 1 FPS.

I prefer to use fps parameter rather than -r (which is shown in another answer) which may in some case be problematic (according to the official documentation).

ffmpeg -framerate 1 -i "img (%d).jpg" -c:v libvpx-vp9 -vf "fps=10,format=yuv420p" out.mkv 

As the input -framerate is lower than the output fps, FFMPEG will duplicate frames to reach your desired output frame rate (which is 10 according to the command above).

It is also important to notice that the order of -framerate and -vf fps is important, as this configuration will be applied to the next mentioned video (in- or output). That is according to the official docs:

options are applied to the next specified file. Therefore, order is important...