In Linux, what does the d mean in the first position of drwxr-xr-x? And what are all of the possible letters that could be there, and what do they mean?
I'm trying to learn more about the Linux file permissions system, and I'd like to see a list of the character meanings for the first slot.
It means that it is a directory. The first mode field is the "special file" designator; regular files display as - (none). As for which possible letters could be there, on Linux the following exist:
d (directory)c (character device)l (symlink)p (named pipe)s (socket)b (block device)D (door, not common on Linux systems, but has been ported)On Gentoo, what the first character in a linux file permissions drwxrwxrwx means:
The first character gives you a hint of the type of object it is.
Possible values for that first character: ( -, d, c, l, p, s, b, D )
- (dash) means file and and d means directory.
el@angeliqe ~/tmpdir $ mkdir my_empty_directory el@angeliqe ~/tmpdir $ touch myfile.txt el@angeliqe ~/tmpdir $ ls -al total 16 drwxrwxr-x 3 el users 4096 Dec 21 13:06 . drwx--x--x 9 el users 4096 Dec 21 11:47 .. drwxrwxr-x 3 el users 4096 Dec 21 11:54 my_empty_directory -rw-rw-r-- 1 el users 182 Dec 21 11:45 myfile.txt my_empty_directory has a 'd' and is a directory, and myfile.txt has a '-' and is a normal text file.
c means character device file
el@angeliqe /dev $ ls -al total 4 drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4080 Dec 19 21:18 . drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4096 Nov 3 19:00 .. crw-rw---- 1 root tty 7, 133 Nov 24 10:13 vcsa5 vcsa5 is a character device file. Find character device files with this command: find / -type c -print 2>/dev/null
b means block device
el@angeliqe /dev $ ls -al total 4 drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4080 Dec 19 21:18 . drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4096 Nov 3 19:00 .. brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 0 Nov 24 10:13 sda sda is a block device. Find block device files with this command: find / -type b -print 2>/dev/null
l means link
el@angeliqe ~/tmpdir $ touch myfile.txt el@angeliqe ~/tmpdir $ ln -s myfile.txt myfile2.txt el@angeliqe ~/tmpdir $ ls -al total 8 drwxrwxr-x 2 el users 4096 Dec 21 13:23 . drwx--x--x 9 el users 4096 Dec 21 13:22 .. -rw-rw-r-- 1 el users 0 Dec 21 13:23 myfile.txt lrwxrwxrwx 1 el users 10 Dec 21 13:23 myfile2.txt -> myfile.txt myfile2.txt is a symbolic link to myfile.txt. Find symbolic link files with this command: find / -type l -print 2>/dev/null
p means named pipe
el@angeliqe /dev $ ls -al total 4 drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4080 Dec 19 21:18 . drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4096 Nov 3 19:00 .. prw------- 1 root root 0 Nov 24 10:13 initctl initctl is a named pipe. Find pipe files with this command: find / -type p -print 2>/dev/null
s is a socket
el@angeliqe /dev $ ls -al total 4 drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4080 Dec 19 21:18 . drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4096 Nov 3 19:00 .. srwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Nov 24 10:13 gpmctl gpmctl is a socket. Find socket files with this command: find / -type s -print 2>/dev/null
D means door
None found on my Gentoo.