Java Course — Mastering the Fundamentals

Introduction • Present the syntax of Java • Introduce the Java API • Demonstrate how to build – stand-alone Java programs – Java applets, which run within browsers e.g. Netscape • Example programs

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Why Java? • It’s the current “hot” language • It’s almost entirely object-oriented • It has a vast library of predefined objects and operations • It’s more platform independent – this makes it great for Web programming • It’s more secure • It isn’t C++

Applets, Servlets and Applications • An applet is designed to be embedded in a Web page, and run by a browser • Applets run in a sandbox with numerous restrictions; for example, they can’t read files and then use the network • A servlet is designed to be run by a web server • An application is a conventional program

Building Standalone JAVA Programs (on UNIX) • Prepare the file foo.java using an editor • Invoke the compiler: javac foo.java • This creates foo.class • Run the java interpreter: java foo

Java Virtual Machine • The .class files generated by the compiler are not executable binaries – so Java combines compilation and interpretation • Instead, they contain “byte-codes” to be executed by the Java Virtual Machine – other languages have done this, e.g. UCSD Pascal • This approach provides platform independence, and greater security

HelloWorld (standalone) public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello World!"); } } • Note that String is built in • println is a member function for the System.out class

Comments are almost like C++ • /* This kind of comment can span multiple lines */ • // This kind is to the end of the line • /** * This kind of comment is a special * ‘javadoc’ style comment */

Primitive data types are like C • Main data types are int, double, boolean, char • Also have byte, short, long, float • boolean has values true and false • Declarations look like C, for example, – double x, y; – int count = 0;

Expressions are like C • Assignment statements mostly look like those in C; you can use =, +=, *= etc. • Arithmetic uses the familiar + - * / % • Java also has ++ and -- • Java has boolean operators && || ! • Java has comparisons < <= == != >= > • Java does not have pointers or pointer arithmetic

Control statements are like C • if (x < y) smaller = x; • if (x < y){ smaller=x;sum += x;} else { smaller = y; sum += y; } • while (x < y) { y = y - x; } • do { y = y - x; } while (x < y) • for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) sum += i; • BUT: conditions must be boolean !

Control statements II • Java also introduces the try statement, about which more later switch (n + 1) { case 0: m = n - 1; break; case 1: m = n + 1; case 3: m = m * n; break; default: m = -n; break; }

Java isn't C! • In C, almost everything is in functions • In Java, almost everything is in classes • There is often only one class per file • There must be only one public class per file • The file name must be the same as the name of that public class, but with a .java extension

Java program layout • A typical Java file looks like: import java.awt.*; import java.util.*; public class SomethingOrOther { // object definitions go here . . . } This must be in a file named SomethingOrOther.java !

What is a class? • Early languages had only arrays – all elements had to be of the same type • Then languages introduced structures (called records, or structs) – allowed different data types to be grouped • Then Abstract Data Types (ADTs) became popular – grouped operations along with the data

So, what is a class? • A class consists of – a collection of fields, or variables, very much like the named fields of a struct – all the operations (called methods) that can be performed on those fields – can be instantiated • A class describes objects and operations defined on those objects

Name conventions • Java is case-sensitive; maxval, maxVal, and MaxVal are three different names • Class names begin with a capital letter • All other names begin with a lowercase letter • Subsequent words are capitalized: theBigOne • Underscores are not used in names • These are very strong conventions!

The class hierarchy • Classes are arranged in a hierarchy • The root, or topmost, class is Object • Every class but Object has at least one superclass • A class may have subclasses • Each class inherits all the fields and methods of its (possibly numerous) superclasses

An example of a class class Person { String name; int age; void birthday ( ) { age++; System.out.println (name + ' is now ' + age); } }

Another example of a class class Driver extends Person { long driversLicenseNumber; Date expirationDate; }

Creating and using an object • Person john; john = new Person ( ); john.name = "John Smith"; john.age = 37; • Person mary = new Person ( ); mary.name = "Mary Brown"; mary.age = 33; mary.birthday ( );

An array is an object • Person mary = new Person ( ); • int myArray[ ] = new int[5]; – or: • int myArray[ ] = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25}; • String languages [ ] = {"Prolog", "Java"};

Java Course — Mastering the Fundamentals

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