My lectures circular queue

Circular Queue & Priority Queue 1

Queue (Linear Queue) • It is a linear data structure consisting of list of items. • In queue, data elements are added at one end, called the rear and removed from another end, called the front of the list. • Two basic operations are associated with queue: 7 1. “Insert” operation is used to insert an element into a queue. 2. “Delete” operation is used to delete an element from a queue. ● 6 FIFO list EEE 1 Queue: AAA, BBB, CCC, DDD, EEE AAA 2 BBB 3 4 CCC DDD 5 EEE 6 7 5 DDD 4 CCC 3 BBB • Example: 2 AAA 1 Front Rear 09/10/08 Rear Front 2

Drawback of Linear Queue • Once the queue is full, even though few elements from the front are deleted and some occupied space is relieved, it is not possible to add anymore new elements, as the rear has already reached the Queue’s rear most position. Circular Queue • This queue is not linear but circular. • Its structure can be like the following figure: • In circular queue, once the Queue is full the "First" element of the Queue becomes the "Rear" most element, if and only if the "Front" has moved forward. otherwise it will again be Figure: Circular Queue having Rear = 5 and Front = 0 a "Queue overflow" state. 3

Algorithms for Insert and Delete Operations in Circular Queue For Insert Operation Insert-Circular-Q(CQueue, Rear, Front, N, Item) CQueue is a circular queue where to store data. Rear represents the location in which the data element is to be inserted and Front represents the location from which the data element is to be removed. Here N is the maximum size of CQueue and finally, Item is the new item to be added. Initailly Rear = 0 and Front = 0. 1. If Front = 0 and Rear = 0 then Set Front := 1 and go to step 4. 2. If Front =1 and Rear = N or Front = Rear + 1 then Print: “Circular Queue Overflow” and Return. 3. If Rear = N then Set Rear := 1 and go to step 5. 4. Set Rear := Rear + 1 5. Set CQueue [Rear] := Item. 6. Return 4

For Delete Operation Delete-Circular-Q(CQueue, Front, Rear, Item) Here, CQueue is the place where data are stored. Rear represents the location in which the data element is to be inserted and Front represents the location from which the data element is to be removed. Front element is assigned to Item. Initially, Front = 1. 1. If Front = 0 then Print: “Circular Queue Underflow” and Return. /*..Delete without Insertion 2. Set Item := CQueue [Front] 3. If Front = N then Set Front = 1 and Return. 4. If Front = Rear then Set Front = 0 and Rear = 0 and Return. 5. Set Front := Front + 1 6. Return. 5

Example: Consider the following circular queue with N = 5. 1. Initially, Rear = 0, Front = 0. 4. Insert 20, Rear = 3, Front = 0. Front Rear 2. Insert 10, Rear = 1, Front = 1. Rear Front 5. Insert 70, Rear = 4, Front = 1. Front Rear 3. Insert 50, Rear = 2, Front = 1. Front 6. Delete front, Rear = 4, Front = 2. Front Rear Rear 6

7. Insert 100, Rear = 5, Front = 2. Front 10. Delete front, Rear = 1, Front = 3. Rear Front Rear 8. Insert 40, Rear = 1, Front = 2. 11. Delete front, Rear = 1, Front = 4. Rear Rear Front Front 12. Delete front, Rear = 1, Front = 5. 9. Insert 140, Rear = 1, Front = 2. Rear As Front = Rear + 1, so Queue overflow. Rear Front Front 7

Insertion qfull() { if(front==(rear+1)%size) return 1; else return 0; } int insert(int item) { if(qfull()) printf("circular q is full"); else { if(front==-1) front=rear=0; else rear=(rear+1)%size; que[rear]=item; } }

Deletion int qempty() { if(front==-1) return 1; else return 0; } int delete() { int item; if(qempty()) printf("queue is empty"); else { item=que[front]; if(front==rear) { front=rear=-1; } else front=(front+1)%size; printf("the deleted item is%d ",item); }

Display void display() { int i; if(qempty()) { printf("queue is empty"); return; } i=front; while(i!=rear) { printf(“%d”,que[i]); i=(i+1)%size; } Printf(“%d”,que[i]); }

Priority Queue A Priority Queue – a different kind of queue. Similar to a regular queue: insert in rear, remove from front. Items in priority queue are ordered by some key Item with the lowest key / highest key is always at the front from where they are removed. Items then „inserted‟ in „proper‟ position Idea behind the Priority Queue is simple: Is a queue But the items are ordered by a key. Implies your ‘position’ in the queue may be changed by the arrival of a new item. 12

Applications of Priority Queues Many, many applications. Scheduling queues for a processor, print queues, transmit queues, backlogs, etc.…. This means this item will be in the front of queue “Obtained” via a remove(). Note: a priority queue is no longer FIFO! You will still remove from front of queue, but insertions are governed by a priority. 13

Priority Queues: Access remove() So, the first item has priority and can be retrieved (removed) quickly and returned to calling environment. Hence, „remove()‟ is easy (and will take O(1) time) insert() But, we want to insert quickly. Must go into proper position. For our purposes here: Implementing data structure: array; • slow to insert(), but for small number of items in the pqueue, and where insertion speed is not critical, • this is the simplest and best approach. 14

Priority Queues Operations performed on priority queues 1) Find an element, 2) Insert a new element 3) Delete an element, etc. Two kinds of (Min, Max) priority queues exist: • In a Min priority queue, find/delete operation finds/deletes the element with minimum priority • In a Max priority queue, find/delete operation finds/deletes the element with maximum priority • Two or more elements can have the same priority 15

Implementation of Priority Queues Implemented using heaps and leftist trees • Heap is a complete binary tree that is efficiently stored using the array-based representation • Leftist tree is a linked data structure suitable for the implementation of a priority queue 16

Heap Operations When n is the number of elements (heap size), • Insertion  O(log2n) • Deletion  O(log2n) • Initialization  O(n) 17

Insertion into a Max Heap 9 8 7 6 5 7 1 5 2 6 • New element is 5 • Are we finished? 18

Insertion into a Max Heap 9 8 7 6 5 7 1 20 2 6 • New element is 20 • Are we finished? 19

Insertion into a Max Heap 9 8 7 6 5 20 1 7 2 6 • Exchange the positions with 7 • Are we finished? 20

Complexity of Insertion At each level, we do (1) work Thus the time complexity is O(height) = O(log2n), where n is the heap size 23

Deletion from a Max Heap 20 15 7 6 5 9 1 7 2 8 6 • Max element is in the root • What happens when we delete an element? 24

Deletion from a Max Heap 15 7 6 5 9 1 7 2 8 6 • After the max element is removed. • Are we finished? 25

Deletion from a Max Heap 15 7 6 5 9 1 7 2 8 6 • Heap with 10 nodes. • Reinsert 8 into the heap. 26

Deletion from a Max Heap 8 15 7 6 5 9 1 7 2 6 • Reinsert 8 into the heap. • Are we finished? 27

Deletion from a Max Heap 15 8 7 6 5 9 1 7 2 6 • Exchange the position with 15 • Are we finished? 28

Deletion from a Max Heap 15 9 7 6 5 8 1 7 2 6 • Exchange the position with 9 • Are we finished? 29

Complexity of Deletion • The time complexity of deletion is the same as insertion • At each level, we do (1) work • Thus the time complexity is O(height) = O(log2n), where n is the heap size 30

My lectures circular queue

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