Itshe

Kumchazalizwe, itshe (uma liyisibhexe libizwa idwala) yinoma iyiphi inqwaba eqinile noma inhlanganisela yezimbiwa noma izintshasa. Itshe lihlukaniswa ngezimbiwa eziyingxenye yalo, ukwakheka ngokwevange nendlela elibumbeke ngayo. Amatshe akha ingwimba eqinile yengaphandle loMhlaba, igobohla, kanye neningi lengaphakathi, ngaphandle komnyombo ongaphandle oluketshezi kanye nezingxenye ze-magma e-i-asthenosphere. Ucwaningo lwamatshe luhlanganisa imikhakha eminingi yomchazalizwe, ehlanganisa nomchazamatshe nomchazambiwa. Kungenzeka ulinganiselwe ematsheni atholakala eMhlabeni, noma kungahlanganisa nomchazalizwe wemizulane ofunda amatshe ezinye izindikimba zasezulwini.

Amatshe avame ukuqembulwa ngamaqembu amathathu amakhulu: asilavulavu (igneous), anzika (sedimentary) kanye namatshe aguqulwisimo. Amatshe asilavulavu akheka lapho umtshekeza (magma) upholisa igobohla lo Mhlaba, noma idaka elishisayo lipholela phansi enhlabathini noma ngaphasi kolwandle. Amatshe anzika akheka umdludlungu wobuyingili (diagenesis) nokusimendeka (lithification) kwenzika, euye yakhiwe ukuzulenza, ukuthutheka nokudidiyeleka kwamatshe akhna. Amatshe aguqulwisimo akheka lapho amatshe akhona ehekana namazingakushisa nomfutho ophezulu okuwenza aguquke ngaphandle kokuncibilika

Uluntu luwasebenzisela izinto eziningi amatshe kusukela endulo. Inkathi yanguna, yayibizwa ngokuthi iNkathi Yetshe, lapho baphendula amatshe kwaba izinsiza. Itshe lalisetshenziswa njengesigcoyi sokwakha nengqalasizinda. Ukuvukuza kwaletha izindlela zokugqoba amatshe eMhlabeni nokuzuza izimbiwa ematsheni, kuhlanganisa nezinkimbi. ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buvumela abantu ukuba bakhande amatshe neziqa ezinjengamatshe, ezifana nokhonkolo.

Izifundo

Umchazalizwe yisifundo soMhlaba nezigcoyi zawo, kuhlanganisa nokufundwa kokwakheka kwamatshe. Umchazalitshe (petrology) yisifundo sokhondolo nendabuko yamatshe. Umchazambiwa (mineralogy) yisifundo sezigcoyi sezimbiwa ezidala amatshe. Ukucwaningwa kwamatshe nezigoyi zawo kunikele kakhulu ekuqondeni kwethu uMhlaba ngokomchazalizwe, nasekuqondeni kwethu imivubukulo yomlando wabantu, nasekuthuthukisweni kwezomngcikisho nezobuchwepheshe esintwini.^[1]

uMjinjo

Amatshe akhiwe izinhlamvu zezimbiwa, eziyizinqumela ezimncwebe ezakhiwa amachwe aqalangene ngokwevange kwaba uhlaka oluhlelekile.^[2]^: 3 Amanye amatshe aqukethe izisingambiwa (mineraloid), eziyiziqa eziqatha, ezifana nezimbiwa, njengengilazi yentshabamlilo,^[3]^: 55, 79eswele uhlaka lomncwebe. Izinhlobo nobuningi nezimbiwa etsheni bunqunywa indlela elakheka ngayo.

Amagama ezinhlobo zamatshe

Ilula - pumice

Itshemlilo - obsidian

Itshemcako - limestone

Umcako - chalk

Igwadle - granite

Itshenso - basalt

Imbumbuthela - conglomerate

Uhlalu - flint

Ichoba - sandstone

Ikhethe - slate

Itshemveve - schist

Inguna - marble

Igcaki - quartz

Ilisitha - Mica

Umsizi -graphite

Ikhakha - Agate

iKhasilili - turquoise

Ithophela - onyx

Umgudlo - soap stone Umlalazi - whetstone

Ingqobe - stone quarry Umgubane - concretionary ironstone/crushed stone/ stone quarry

Amaphatho

↑ Haldar, S. K. (2013). "Introduction". Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology. Elsevier Science. pp. 1–37. ISBN 9780124167100.
↑ Nesse, William D. (2000). Introduction to mineralogy. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195106916.
↑ Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996). Petrology (2nd ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-2438-4.

[1] Haldar, S. K. (2013). "Introduction". Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology. Elsevier Science. pp. 1–37. ISBN 9780124167100.

[2] Nesse, William D. (2000). Introduction to mineralogy. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195106916.

[Blatt-3] Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996). Petrology (2nd ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-2438-4.

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