It seems this form still works:
ListPlot[ Table[{x, x^2}, {x, 0, 1, 0.1}], PlotRange -> All, Filling -> {1 -> {Axis, Arrow[#] &}} ]

Caveat
The use of a Function as a filling style seemed undocumented, therefore one cannot expect the feature to remain or remain unchanged in new versions of Mathematica. ybeltukov notes in a comment that the form above does not work with multiple plot sets. In light of this I suppose that it would be better to write our own plotting function using Graphics primitives if this kind of customization is needed, since that functionality is documented and hopefully will not incompatibly change in future releases. (This is often faster as well as it avoids a lot of overhead associated with generalized plotting.) Post-processing is quick but also easily breaks between versions as the plotting output format often changes.
plot /. Line -> Arrowcan be a quick fix. $\endgroup$PlotMarkers -> "\[FilledUpTriangle]"$\endgroup$