Since the "NetImage" property of PolyhedronData is just an Image, you can only ImageResize it:
ImageResize[PolyhedronData["DuerersSolid", "NetImage"], Scaled@2]
This can cause rasterization artefacts and defects, which is probably not what you want.
You may want "Net" instead:
PolyhedronData["DuerersSolid", "Net"]
This outputs a scaleable Graphics object. You can see in the InputForm of this object (InputForm@PolyhedronData["DuerersSolid", "Net"]) that it does not have specific units in mind, and is scaleable. To scale it from the notebook interface, simply click on it and drag the handles. To scale it from code, you can use Show and ImageSize like the following:
Show[PolyhedronData["DuerersSolid", "Net"], ImageSize -> Full]

You can also get other types of output from "Net", including "Graph" and a list of coordinates.
You can also do things such as create a MeshRegion from the Graphics object using DiscretizeGraphics:

It's important to note that these properties ("Net" and "NetImage") are not computed directly from a 3D object - they are pre-computed.