CSS3, Media Queries, and Responsive Design

& CSS3, Media Queries, Responsive Design May 23, 2012 STC Summit Zoe Mickley Gillenwater | @zomigi

What I do Books Web Stunning CSS3: Accessibility A Project-based Guide to specialist at AT&T the Latest in CSS Visual designer www.stunningcss3.com CSS developer and consultant Flexible Web Design: Creating Liquid and Elastic Layouts with CSS www.flexiblewebbook.com 2

1 3 My home's web-enabled devices 2 2 3

& devices more mobile devices more diversity within EVERY DAY 4

& every day 1.45 MILLION DEVICES 317,124 BABIES enter the world Source: http://www.lukew.com/ff/entry.asp?1506 5

Growing screen resolution diversity on desktop May 2009 widths May 2012 widths 1366 1024 1024 1280 1280 1440 1440 1680 1920 800 1600 1152 1680 other 1360 other Source: http://gs.statcounter.com 6

25% of U.S. smartphone users do MOST OR ALL of their web browsing on mobile Source: http://www.lukew.com/ff/entry.asp?1405 7

? how can our sites accommodate all this DIVERSITY 8

Introducing media queries • Awesome new part of CSS3 • Simple way to feed different CSS based on characteristics of user's device • Used to build responsive/adaptive designs • Not: • for feeding styles based on browser • just for feeding styles based on viewport size 9

Media query syntax: internal body { background: gray; } @media screen and (max-width:500px) { body { background: blue; } } English translation: Make the background gray. But up to a maximum width of 500 pixels, make the background blue. 10

Flip flop it body { background: blue; } @media screen and (min-width:501px) { body { background: gray; } } English translation: Make the background blue. But at and past the minimum width of 501 pixels, make the background gray. 11

Media query syntax: external Extend the existing media part of the link element or @import rule: <link href="narrow.css" rel="stylesheet" media="only screen and (max-width:500px)"> @import url(narrow.css) only screen and (max-width:500px); 13

Recommendation: internal • Main advantages: • No extra HTTP request(s) • Not out of sight and forgotten • Learn full pros/cons: www.zomigi.com/blog/ essential-considerations-crafting-quality- media-queries 14

! you now know media query syntax YAY 15

but media queries don't actually DO anything 16

it's the CSS INSIDE that changes the appearance 17

Width-dependent layout changes • Responsive web design: • Media queries + fluid layouts + fluid media • See www.alistapart.com/articles/responsive- web-design/ • Adaptive layouts: • Media queries + fixed-width layouts • See www.netmagazine.com/tutorials/ adaptive-layouts-media-queries 18

Retrofitting responsiveness • Typical to add on media queries for both smaller and wider styles • CSS before media queries is default • Can take different approach when starting from scratch • Start with "mobile," layer on wider styles? • Start with "desktop," layer on narrower styles? • Start with something in between for majority? 19

Starting with desktop styles Pros: Cons: • No extra work to • Mobile devices may make majority width have to download appear correctly on unneeded desktop IE 6-8 assets • Easiest way to retrofit • Need separate style existing site sheets or JavaScript to make mobile design appear in IE Mobile 7 and other older mobile browsers 20

Starting with mobile styles Pros: Cons: • Mobile devices won't • Desktop devices may download unneeded have to download desktop assets unneeded mobile • Older, non-media- assets query-supporting • Need separate style mobile browsers still sheets or JavaScript get the mobile styles to make majority without any extra desktop design work appear in IE 6-8 21

Wide-screen media query /*all the other styles up here*/ @media screen and (min-width: 1200px) { /*styles for larger screens in here*/ } 25

Add third column @media screen and (min-width: 1200px) { #nav-main { position: fixed; top: 136px; width: 13%; margin: 0; } #content-main { width: 58%; margin-left: 18%; } #content-secondary { width: 20%; } } 26

Style nav as vertical menu @media screen and (min-width: 1200px) { ... #nav-main li { float: none; margin: 0; } #nav-main a { -moz-border-radius: 0; -webkit-border-radius: 0; border-radius: 0; } } 27

Small-screen media query /*all the other styles up here*/ @media screen and (max-width: 760px) { /*styles for smaller screens in here*/ } 29

Remove columns from text @media screen and (max-width: 760px) { h1 + p { -moz-column-count: 1; -o-column-count: 1; -webkit-column-count: 1; column-count: 1; } } 30

Stack feature boxes @media screen and (max-width: 760px) { ... .feature { float: none; width: auto; margin: 0 0 1.6em 0; padding: 0 0 0 140px; background-position: top left; } } 31

& pause for CAVEATS CLARIFICATIONS 33

Some sites would be better served with a separate site for mobile devices instead of using media queries. 34

Even if a separate mobile site would be best, using media queries is a good first step if a separate site isn't currently feasible. 35

“The choice is not between using media queries and creating a dedicated mobile site; the choice is between using media queries and doing nothing at all.” ―Jeremy Keith http://adactio.com/journal/1696/ 36

You can add media queries to a dedicated mobile site in order to cater to the wide range of mobile viewport sizes. 37

If you do use media queries on a single site, they're not the only tool you can use—you can add scripting as well to further customize the content, markup, functionality, etc. 38

Media queries are only meant to solve the problem of mobile's small viewports, not all the other things that can make mobile browsing different (such as context, bandwidth, etc.). 39

“It's making sure your layout doesn't look crap on diff. sized screens.” ―Mark Boulton http://twitter.com/#!/markboulton/status/50237480368214016 40

Mobile media query /*all the other styles up here*/ @media screen and (max-width: 550px) { /*styles for tiny screens in here*/ } 42

Non-overlapping version @media screen and (min-width: 551px) and (max-width: 760px) { /*styles for small screens in here*/ } @media screen and (max-width: 550px) { /*styles for tiny screens in here*/ } 43

Media features for mobile min-width max-width device-width min-device-width max-device-width orientation min-device-pixel-ratio -webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio min--moz-device-pixel-ratio -o-min-device-pixel-ratio 44

Useful media features for mobile min-width max-width device-width min-device-width max-device-width orientation min-device-pixel-ratio -webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio min--moz-device-pixel-ratio -o-min-device-pixel-ratio 45

Changing to single column @media screen and (max-width: 550px) { #content-main, #content-secondary, #about, #credits { float: none; width: 100%; } } 46

Changing feature images @media screen and (max-width: 550px) { ... .feature { padding-left: 70px; } #feature-candy { background-image: url(icon_candy_64.png); } #feature-pastry { background-image: url(icon_pastry_64.png); } #feature-dessert { background-image: url(icon_dessert_64.png); } } 47

Viewport meta tag Forces mobile devices to scale viewport to actual device width <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> 49

Zoom problem in iOS • Remember: device-width on iOS devices always matches portrait width • This means design doesn't reflow when you switch to landscape, but instead just zooms 50

Fixing (and adding) zoom issues • Option 1: add maximum-scale=1 • But disables user scaling <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, maximum-scale=1"> • Option 2: add initial-scale=1 • Allows user scaling • But triggers over-zoom/crop bug when changing from portrait to landscape <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> 51

The best way to fix zoom issues • Option 3: add initial-scale=1 plus script to fix over-zoom bug • See http://filamentgroup.com/lab/a_fix_for_ the_ios_orientationchange_zoom_bug/ <head> ... <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <script src="ios-orientationchange-fix.js"> ... </head> 52

View it live http://stunningcss3.com/code/bakery/ 53

More responsive examples • Design patterns: • "Multi-Device Layout Patterns" by Luke Wroblewski: www.lukew.com/ff/entry.asp?1514 • "Responsive Navigation Patterns" by Brad Frost: http://bradfrostweb.com/blog/web/ responsive-nav-patterns/ • Inspiration: • Gallery: http://mediaqueri.es/ • My own bookmarks: https://gimmebar.com/ loves/zomigi/tag/mediaqueries 54

Dealing with IE 8 and earlier • Conditional comments • JavaScript 55

Conditional comments • Split styles into separate sheets and feed applicable sheet to IE based on whether it's IE on desktop or mobile • Approach varies based on which set of styles are your default 56

Conditional comment when desktop styles are default Feed IE Mobile 7 media query sheet: <link rel="stylesheet" href="global.css" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="mobile.css" media="all and (max-width: 700px)">  Source: http://blogs.msdn.com/b/iemobile/archive/2010/12/08/targeting-mobile- optimized-css-at-windows-phone-7.aspx 57

Conditional comment when mobile styles are default Feed older IE media query sheet, hide from IE Mobile 7: <link rel="stylesheet" href="global.css" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="desktop.css" media="all and (min-width: 700px)">  Source: http://adactio.com/journal/4494/ 58

Pre-fab JavaScript for non- supporting browsers • Simply add one of these scripts: • Respond: https://github.com/scottjehl/Respond • css3-mediaqueries.js: http://code.google.com/p/css3-mediaqueries-js/ • Avoid extra HTTP request for non-old-IE browsers using conditional comments:  59

? WHAT ELSE can media queries do 60

Swapping images on high-res displays @media screen and (moz--min-device-pixel-ratio : 1.5), screen and (-o-min-device-pixel-ratio : 3/2), screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio : 1.5), screen and (min-device-pixel-ratio : 1.5) { } 61

Swapping images on high-res displays @media ... screen and (min-device-pixel-ratio : 1.5) { .feature { -moz-background-size: 64px 64px; -webkit-background-size: 64px 64px; background-size: 64px 64px; } #feature-candy { background-image: url(icon_candy_128.png); } #feature-pastry { background-image: url(icon_pastry_128.png); } #feature-dessert { background-image: url(icon_dessert_128.png); } } 62

Learn more Download slides and get links at http://zomigi.com/blog/responsive-web- design-presentation Zoe Mickley Gillenwater @zomigi design@zomigi.com zomigi.com | stunningcss3.com | flexiblewebbook.com 63

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CSS3, Media Queries, and Responsive Design