Chapter 9 python fundamentals

CHAPTER - 08 PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS

Unit 2: XI Computer Science (083) Board : CBSE Courtesy CBSE Computational Thinking and Programming

Unit II (60 Theory + 45 Practical) DCSc & Engg, PGDCA,ADCA,MCA.MSc(IT),Mtech(IT),MPhil (Comp. Sci) Department of Computer Science, Sainik School Amaravathinagar Cell No: 9431453730 Praveen M Jigajinni Prepared by Courtesy CBSE Computational Thinking and Programming

CHAPTER - 02 PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS

INTRODUCTION Python is a high-level, interpreted and general- purpose dynamic programming language that focuses on code readability. The syntax in Python helps the programmers to do coding in fewer steps as compared to Java or C++. Let us learn the basic elements of python programming

PYTHON CHARACTERSET What is Character Set? Character set is a bunch of identifying elements in the programming language.

PYTHON CHARACTERSET PYTHON CHARACTER SET • Letters:- A-Z, a-z • Digits:- 0 to 9 • Special Symbols:- space + - / ( ) [ ] = ! = < > , ‘ “ $ # ; : ? & • White Spaces:- Blank Space , Horizontal Tab, Vertical tab, Carriage Return. • Other Characters:- Python can process all 256 ASCII and Unicode Characters.

What is Token or lexical unit?

TOKENS OR LEXICAL UNIT What is Token? Individual elements that are identified by programming language are called tokens or lexical unit.

TOKENS / LEXICAL UNITS TOKENS 1. Key Words 2. Identifiers 3. Literals 4. Operators. 5. Punctuators

What is Keyword or reserved word?

What is Keyword? Keywords are also called as reserved words these are having special meaning in python language. The words are defined in the python interpreter hence these cant be used as programming identifiers. 1. Keyword/Reserved Word

Some Keywords of Python Language

Some Keywords of Python Language and assert break class continue def del elif else except exec finally for from

Some Keywords of Python Language global if import in is lambda not or pass print raise return try while with yield

2. IDENTIFIERS What is an identifier? A Python Identifier is a name given to a function, class, variable, module, or other objects that you’ll be using in your Python program. In short, its a name appeared in the program. For example: a, b, c a b and c are the identifiers and a b & c and , are the tokens

PYTHON NAMING CONVENTIONS IDENTIFIER FORMATION RULES OR

PYTHON NAMING CONVENTIONS What are the python naming conventions? 1. An identifier can be a combination of uppercase letters, lowercase letters, underscores, and digits (0-9). Hence, the following are valid identifiers: myClass, my_variable, var_1, and print_hello_world.

PYTHON NAMING CONVENTIONS What are the python naming conventions? 2. The first character must be letter. 3. Special characters such as %, @, and $ are not allowed within identifiers. 4. An identifier should not begin with a number. Hence, 2variable is not valid, but variable2 is acceptable.

What are the python naming conventions? 5. Python is a case-sensitive language and this behaviour extends to identifiers. Thus, Labour and labour are two distinct identifiers in Python. 6. You cannot use Python keywords as identifiers. PYTHON NAMING CONVENTIONS

What are the python naming conventions? 7. You cannot use Python keywords as identifiers. 8. You can use underscores to separate multiple words in your identifier. PYTHON NAMING CONVENTIONS

SOME VALID IDENTIFIERS: Myfile1 DATE9_7_8 y3m9d3 _xs MYFILE _FXd SOME INVALID IDENTIFIERS: MY-REC 28dre break elif false del PYTHON NAMING CONVENTIONS

3. LITERALS / CONSTANT VALUES What is literals? Literals are also called as constants or constant values these are the values which never change during the execution of program.

What are the types of literals?

TYPES OF LITERALS / CONSTANT VALUES What are the types of literals? 1) String Literals or Constants. 2) Numeric Literals or Constants. 3) Boolean Literals or Constants. 4) Special Literal None. 5) Literal Collections.

1. STRING LITERALS OR CONSTANTS What is string? Sequence of letters enclosed in quotes is called string or string literal or constant. Python supports both form of quotes i.e. ‘Hello’ “Hello”

REPRESENTATION OF STRING >>> s = “Hello Python” This is how Python would index the string: Forward Indexing Backward Indexing

REPRESENTATION OF STRING To access the first character on the string you just created, type and enter the variable name s and the index 0 within square brackets like this: >>>s[0] You’ll get this output: ‘H’

REPRESENTATION OF STRING To access the last character, you can use this expression: >>>s[len(s)-1] You’ll get the output: ‘n’ Len() function is used to find the length of the string.

REPRESENTATION OF STRING The expression introduces you to the len function. There is actually an easier way to access the last item on the string: >>>s[-1] ‘n’ To access the penultimate character: >>>s[-2] ‘o’

TYPES OF STRINGS What are the types of strings supported in python? Python supports two ways of representation of strings: 1) Single Line Strings. 2) Multi Line Strings.

SINGLE LINE STRINGS Strings created using single quote or double quote must end in one line are called single line strings For Example: Item=“Computer” Or Item= ‘Computer’

MULTI LINE STRINGS Strings created using single quote or double quote and spread across multiple lines are called Multi Line Strings. by adding backslash one can continue to type on next line. For instance: Item = ‘Key board’

SIZE OF STRINGS ‘’ Size is 1 ( is an escape sequence) ‘abc’ size is 3 “ab” size is 2 “Raama’s Laptop” size is 13

STRINGS WITH TRIPLE QUOTES For multi line strings created by triple quotes, while calculating size, the EOL(End of Line) character at the end of line is also counted. For instance: Str2=“’x y Z”’ Enter keys are considered as EOL so size of str2 is 5

ESCAPE SEQUENCES Back Slash Single Quote (‘) Double Quote (“) ’ ”

ESCAPE SEQUENCES ASCII Bell ASCII Backspace ASCII Formfeed a b f

ESCAPE SEQUENCES New Line Carriage return Horizontal Tab n r t

ESCAPE SEQUENCES Vertical Tab 16 bit hex value Octal Value t x ooo

Octal Valueooo Note: ooo represents 3 octal digits.

2. NUMERICAL LITERALS Numerical Literals have the following types: int or integers - Whole numbers float - real values Complex - Complex numbers

INTEGER LITERALS OR CONSTANTS  Decimal Integer Literals: Any whole number (+ve) or (-ve).

INTEGER LITERALS OR CONSTANTS Octal Integer Literals(base 8): A Sequence of digits starting with 0O (digit zero followed by letter o) is taken to be an Octal Integer Literals.

INTEGER LITERALS OR CONSTANTS Hexadecimal Integer Literals (base 16): Sequence of digits preceded by ox or OX is hexadecimal integer literals

INTEGER LITERALS OR CONSTANTS Binary literals (base 2): To signify binary literals, you’ll use the prefix ‘0B’ or ‘0b’ (zero and uppercase or lowercase ‘b’).

Converting Integers to their String Representation

To convert an integer into its string representation, you can use the functions hex(), bin(), and oct(). To convert the integer 7 to its octal literal, type and enter oct(7) on the command prompt. You’ll get the output ‘0o7’: oct ( )

Here is what happens when you convert the integer 2572 to a hexadecimal literal: hex ( )

see what happens when you use the bin() function to convert the integer 12 to its binary string: bin ( )

FLOATING POINT LITERALS OR CONSTANTS

FLOATING POINT LITERALS OR CONSTANTS Floating point literals are also called as real literals having fractional part. These may be written in one of the two forms: 1. Fractional Form: for example 15.75 2. Exponent Form: It consists of two parts Mantissa and Exponent. for example 5.8 can be represented as 0.58 x 10-1 = 0.58E01. where mantissa part is 0.58 and E01 is the exponent.

FLOATING POINT LITERALS OR CONSTANTS Float type

BOOLEAN LITERALS OR CONSTANTS.

3) BOOLEAN LITERALS OR CONSTANTS. A Boolean literal in python is used to represent the Boolean values (true or false).

4) SPECIAL LITERAL NONE The None literal is used to indicate absence of value. For example: val = None

5) LITERAL COLLECTIONS Python supports literal collections also such as tuple and lists ..etc It will be to complex to discuss as we are in the beginning, subsequent chapters we will cover literal collections.

OPERATORS What is an operator? Operators are tokens that trigger some computation when applied to a variable. In detail we study in the next chapter.

PUNCTUATORS Punctuators are also called as separators The Followings are used as punctuators: Brackets [ ] Parentheses ( ) Braces { } Comma , Semicolon ; Colon : Asterisk * Ellipsis … Equal Sign = Pound Sign #

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF PYTHON PROGRAM

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF PYTHON PROGRAM #Comments

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF PYTHON PROGRAM # Write a program to find square of given number. def sqr( num ): result= num *num print ("Square = " , result) def main(): x=int(input("Enter the number : ")) sqr(x) main() Programmer defined FUNCTION main() function Comment

WHITE SPACE Whitespace Whitespace is meaningful in Python, especially indentation and placement of newlines. • Use a newline to end a line of code. • Use when must go to next line prematurely. • No braces { } to mark blocks of code in Python…

WHITE SPACE • Use consistent indentation instead. • The first line with less indentation is outside of the block. • The first line with more indentation starts a nested block. • Often a colon appears at the start of a new block. (E.g. for function and class definitions.).

COMMENTS Comments are non executable statements in a program. Single line comment always starts with # Multiline comment will be in triple quotes. For example “’ write a program to find the simple interest “’. Note: Triple apostrophe is called docstrings.

STATEMENTS In computer terminology statement refers to an instruction. Program contains several statements. A collection of statements makes program Another name for a program is code.

FUNCTIONS What is function? Function is a self contained program segment which carries out some specific well defined task. For Example: def sqr( num ): result= num *num print ("Square = " , result) sqr()

PYTHON PROGRAMMING CONVENTIONS

PYTHON PROGRAMMING CONVENTIONS Statement Termination: python does not use any symbol to terminate the statement. Maximum Line Length: Line Length be maximum 79 characters. Whitespaces: you should always have whitespace around operators but not with parenthesis.

PYTHON PROGRAMMING CONVENTIONS Block or Code Block: A group of statements which are part of another statement or function is called Block or Code Block. Case Sensitive: Python is case sensitive.

VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS Named labels are called variables. For example: marks =86 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 2000 2016 2018 2026 2032 2044 2048 2050 2054 2068 marks refers to location 2054

VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS Now marks = 81 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 2000 2016 2018 2026 2032 2044 2048 2050 2054 2068 marks refers to location 2026 Note: Variables in python do not have fixed locations unlike other programming languages

VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS lvalues & rvalues: Lvalue: Expressions that is on LHS (Left Hand Side) is called Lvalue. Rvalue: Expressions that is on RHS (Right Hand Side) is called Rvalue.

VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS Multiple Assignments Python is very versatile with assignment statements. 1. Assigning same value to multiple variables: a=b=c=d=e=10

VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS Multiple Assignments 2. Assigning Multiple values to multiple variables: p,q,r =5,10,15 print(q, r) will print 10 15 p,q=q,p print (p,q) will print 10 5

VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS Multiple Assignments 2. Assigning Multiple values to multiple variables: a,b,c = 5,10,7 b,c,a = a+1, b+2, c-1 print(a,b,c) will print 6 6 12 Now, X=10

VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS Multiple Assignments Expressions separated by commas are evaluated from left to right. Now, x = 10 y,y = x+2,x+5 y,y = 12,15 First It will assign y = 12 then y = 15 So print(y) will print 15

VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS Dynamic Typing: A variable pointing to a value of certain type can be made to point to a value/object of different type this is called Dynamic Typing. x=10 print(x) x=“ Hello World” print(x)

VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS Output will be 10 Hello World 10 10 Hello World x x

VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS Caution with Dynamic Typing: x = ‘day’ y = x/2 Error! String can not be divided.

VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS type() function: To know the data type of a value which is pointing use type ( ) >>>a=10 >>>type(a) <class ‘int’> >>>a=20.4 >>>type(a) <class ‘float’> Type returned as integer Type returned as float

VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS type() function: To know the data type of a value which is pointing use type ( ) >>>a=“Hello” >>>type(a) <class ‘str’> Type returned as string

INPUT ( ) FUNCTION Input( ) Function is a built in function of python used to read values from the user The general format or syntax of the input() is: Variable_to_hold_the_value=input(message) For Example: Where, variable_to_Hold_the_Value is a variable which is the label for a memory location where the value is stored.

INPUT ( ) FUNCTION For Example: p = input(“Enter the value”) x = int(input(“Enter x value”)) reads the value and converts it in to integer type data or value. y=float(input(“Enter y value”)) reads the value and converts it in to float type data or value.

INPUT ( ) FUNCTION int ( ) and float ( ) Functions: Python offers two functions to be used with input( ) to convert the received values: Example 1: >>age = int(input(“Enter age”)) Example 2: >>sal=float(input(“Enter salary))

PRINT ( ) FUNCTION print( ) Function is a built in function of python used to display the values on the screen The general format or syntax of the input() is: print(*objects, sep=' ', end='n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False) The print function can print an arbitrary number of values ("value1, value2, ..."), which are separated by commas. These values are separated by blanks. In the following example we can see two print calls. We are printing two values in both cases, i.e. a string and a float number:

PRINT ( ) FUNCTION print() Parameters: objects - object to the printed. * indicates that there may be more than one object sep - objects are separated by sep. Default value: ' ‘ end - end is printed at last file - must be an object with write(string) method. If omitted it, sys.stdout will be used which prints objects on the screen. flush - If True, the stream is forcibly flushed. Default value: False

PRINT ( ) FUNCTION print("Python is fun.") a = 5 #Two objects are passed: print("a =", a) b = a # Three objects are passed: print('a =', a, '= b‘) Output Python is fun. a = 5 a = 5 = b Example 1: How print() works in Python?

PRINT ( ) FUNCTION >>> print("a = ", a) a = 3.564 >>> print("a = n", a) a = 3.564 >>> Example 2: How print() works in Python?

CLASS TEST ON PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS CHAPTER

CLASS TEST ON PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS Each carries 2 Marks Questions (10 x 2 = 20) 1. What is EOL? 2. What is an escape sequence? 3. What is the maximum line length in a python program? 4. Write any four keywords of python language 5. What are the types of Assignment statements? Explain 6. Explain with a diagram how a variable refers to a memory location?

CLASS TEST ON PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS Each carries 2 Marks Questions (10 x 2 = 20) 7. What is Dynamic typing? 8. Write any four python naming conventions 9. What is input ( ) function? Write down the general format of input ( ) function and explain with proper example. 10. What is print ( ) function? Write down the general format of print ( ) function and explain with proper example. ***

QUESTION BANK ON CHAPTER 2 PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS

1. What is character set? 2. What is token? 3. List the types of tokens 4. What is keyword? 5. What is an identifier? Give suitable example. 6. What is a literal? 7. What is string? 8. What is single line string? 9. What is multi line string? 10. What is EOL? 11. What is an escape sequence? 12. What is Boolean literal? CHAPTER 2: PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS One Mark Questions

13. What is none? 14. What is an operator? 15. What is Unary Operator? 16. What is Binary Operator? 17. List the shift operators 18. List the Bitwise operators 19. What is an assignment statement? 20. What is Punctuators? 21. What is comment? 22. What is whitespace? 23. What is statement? CHAPTER 2: PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS One Mark Questions

24. Weather python uses statement termination? Justify your answer 25. What is the maximum line length in a python program? 26. What is Block? 27. What is Code Block? 28. What is Code? 29. What do you mean by case sensitive language? CHAPTER 2: PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS One Mark Questions

30. What is variable? 31. What is Lvalue? 32. What is Rvalue? 33. What is an Assignment statement? 34. What is Dynamic typing? CHAPTER 2: PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS One Mark Questions

CHAPTER 2: PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS Two Marks Questions 1. Explain the character set of python 2. What are the types of tokens supported in python language? 3. Write any four keywords of python language 4. What are the types of literals? 5. Explain Boolean literals 6. What are relational operators? 7. What are the types of Assignment statements? Explain 8. What is General Structure or General format or Syntax?

CHAPTER 2: PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS Two Marks Questions 9. What are the types of comments? Explain with suitable examples 10. Explain with a diagram how a variable refers to a memory location? 11. While dealing with dynamic typing what caution must be taken care of? Explain with suitable example.

CHAPTER 2: PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS Three Marks Questions 1. What are the python naming conventions? 2. Explain the representation of string in python language. 3. Explain the types of strings supported by python language. 4. Explain escape sequences. 5. Explain numerical literals supported in python language. 6. Explain the Floating point literals supported in python language.

CHAPTER 2: PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS Three Marks Questions 7. Explain the General structure of python program and give example. 8. What is whitespace how its useful in python programming? 9. What is input ( ) function? Write down the general format of input ( ) function and explain with proper example. 10. What is print ( ) function? Write down the general format of print ( ) function and explain with proper example.

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